Selected scientific literature

Much of the cyanotoxin literature given below will be useful as first step in choosing and validating control measures.

General overviews:

Chorus, I. and Bartram, J. (1999) Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to Public Health Significance, Monitoring and Management. Für WHO durch E & FN Spon /Chapman & Hall, London, 416 pp. complete download of this book is possible, chapter by chapter, from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/toxicyanbact/en/index.html

Chorus, I. (Hrsg.) (2001) Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer Publishers Heidelberg, 357 pp.

Huisman J, Matthijs HCP, Visser PM (eds., 2004): Harmful Cyanobacteria. Kluwer Academic Pulishers

Falconer IR (2005) Cyanobacterial Toxins of Drinking Water Supplies: Cylindrospermopsins and Microcystins. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Literature on water-body management to influence conditions to dis-favour cyanobacterial dominance or control eutrophication

Brüning K, Schmidt M, Rajewski T, Dakos V, Hallebach R (2004): Strategien zur Vermeidung des Vorkommens ausgewählter Algen- und Cyanobakterienmetabolite im Rohwasser, Teilprojekt: Schutzkonzept gegenüber Nährstoffeinträgen. Projektbericht BMBF, Fördernkennzeichen 02WT9852/7

Cooke GD, Welch EB, Peterson SA, Nichols SA 2005: Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs, 3^rd Edition. Taylor & Francis, New York, 591 pp.

Jeppesen E., Jensen J. P., Sondergaard M., Lauridsen T., Pedersen L. J., Jensen L. (1997) Top down control in freshwater lakes: the role pf nutrient state, submerged macrophytes amd water depths. Hydrobiologia 342/343 S. 151-164.

Jeppesen E., Sondergaard Ma., Sondergaard Mo Christoffersen K. (Hrsg.) (1997) The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in lakes. Ecological Studies. Springer Verlag. Heidelberg.

Padisák et al. J, Köhler J und Hoeg S (1999):The effect of changing flushing rates on development of late summer Aphanizomneon and Micorcystis populations in a shallow lake, Müggelsee, Berlin, Germany. Theoretical Reservoir Ecology and its Application. pp. 413-423.

Visser P., Ibelings B. W., Van der Veer B., Koedood J., Mur L. R. (1996) Artificial mixing prevents nuisance blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis in Lake Nieuwe Meer, the Netherlands. Freshwater Biology 36: 435-450.

Visser P., Passarge J., Mur L. R. (1997) Modelling vertical migration of the cyanobacterium Microcystis. Hydrobiologia 349: 99-109.

Vollenweider R. (1982) Eutrophication of Waters. Monitoring, Assessment and Control. OECD, Paris, 154 pp

Literature on cyanotoxin detection and analysis

ISO 20179 (2005): Water Quality: Determination of microcystins - method by solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultra-violet detection (UV). ISO, Geneva, Switzerland

Fastner, J.; Codd, G.A.; Metcalf, J.S.; Woike, P.; Wiedner, C.; Ukilen, H. (2002) : An international intercomparson exercise for the determination of purified microcystin-LR and microcystins in cyanobacterial field material. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 374, S. 437 - 444

Fastner, J.; Flieger, I.; Neumann, U (1998): Optimised Extraction of Microcystins from Field Samples – a Comparson of Different Solvents and Procedures. Wat. Res., 32 (10), S. 3177 - 3181

Lawton LA, Edwards C, Codd GA (1994) Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters. Analyst, 119, 15251530.

Harada K-I, Kondo F, Lawton LA, (1999) Laboratory Analysis of Cyanotoxins. In: Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management (I. Chorus and J. Bartram, Eds.), pp. 369-405. E & FN Spon, London

Literature for assessing potential human health impacts:

Falconer IR, Humpage AR (2005): Health risk assessment of Cyanobacterial (Blue-green algal) toxins in drinking-water. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 43-50

Humpage A and Falconer I (2002) Oral toxicity to Swiss albino mice of the cyanobacterial toxin Cylindrospermopsin administered daily over 11 weeks. CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Research Report No. 13

Jochimsen, E.M., Carmichael, W.W., An, J., Cardo, D.M., Cookson, S.T., Holmes, C.E.M., Antunes, M.B. de C., Filho, D.A. de M., Lyra, T.M., Barreto, V.S.T., Azevedo, S.M.F.O. and Jarvis, W.R. (1998) Liver failure and death following exposure to microcystin toxins at a dialysis center in Brazil. N. Eng. J. Med. 338, 873-878.

Kuiper-Goodman, T., Falconer, I. R., and Fitzgerald, D. J. (1999). Human health aspects. In: Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management (I. Chorus and J. Bartram, Eds.), pp. 114-153. E & FN Spon, London

Pilotto, L.S., Douglas, R.M., Burch, M.D., Cameron, S., Beers, M., Rouch, G.R., Robinson, P., Kirk, M., Cowie, C.T., Hardiman, S., Moore, C. and Attewell, R.G. (1997) Health effects of recreational exposure to cyanobacteria (Blue ‑green) during recreational water‑related activities. Aust. N. Zealand. J. Public Health 21, 562‑566.

Stewart I, Seawright AA, Schluter PJ, Shaw GR (2006): Primary irritant and delayed-contact hypersensitivity reactions to the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and its associated toxin cylindrospermopsin. BMC Dermatology 6:5 doi:10.1186/ 1471-5945-6-5. Open access availability from http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-5945-6-5.pdf

Török A., Pálovics Á., Bánki M. (2001) Allergenic (sensitization, skin and eye irritation) effects of freshwater cyanobacteria-Experimental evidence. Environ. Toxicol. 16, 512-516.

Cyanotoxin occurrence – including documentations of levels found in field surveys

Briand JF, Jacquet S, Flinois C, Avois-Jacquet C, Maisonnette C, Leberre B, Humbert JF. (2005) Variations in the microcystin production of Planktothrix rubescens (cyanobacteria) assessed from a four-year survey of Lac du Bourget (France) and from laboratory experiments. Microb Ecol 50: 418-428Fastner J., Heinze R., Humpage A. R. Mischke U., Eaglesham G. K., Chorus I. (2003) Cylindrospermopsin occurrence in two German lakes and preliminary assessment of toxicity and toxin production of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobakteria) isolates. Toxicon 42: 313-321

Fastner, J Erhard M, Neumann U (2001): Microcystin variants in Microcystis and Planktothrix dominated field samples. In: I. Chorus (ed.): Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes, Consequences. Springer-Verlag. S. 148 - 152

Fastner J, Erhard M, Carmichael WW, Sun F, Rinehart KL, Ronicke H, Chorus I. (1999) Characterization and diversity of microcystins in natural blooms and strains of the genera Microcystis and Planktothrix from German freshwaters. Arch Hydrobiol 145: 147-163

Henriksen, P., and Moestrup, O. (1997). Seasonal variations in microcystin contents of Danish cyanobacteria. Natural Toxins 5, 99-106

Kurmayer R, Christiansen G, Fastner J, Börner T. (2004) Abundance of active and inactive microcystin genotypes in populations of the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix spp. Environ Microbiol 6: 831-841

Ozawa K, Fujioka H, Muranaka M, Yokoyama A, Karagami Y, Homma T, Ishikawa K, Tsujimura S, Kumagai M, Watanabe MF, Park H-D. 2005. Spatial distribution and temporal variation of Microcystis species composition and microcystin concentration in Lake Biwa. Environ Toxicol 20:270-276

Preussel K, Stüken A, Wiedner C, Chorus I, Fastner, J (2006): First report on cylindrospermopsin producing Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) isolated from two German lakes. Toxicon 47, S. 156 - 162

Sivonen K, Jones G. (1999) Cyanobacterial toxins. In: Chorus I, Bartram J, editors. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water. A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. London: E & FN Spon, WHO. p41-112

Via-Ordorika L, Fastner J, Kurmayer R, Hisbergues M, Dittmann E, Komárek J, Erhard M, Chorus I. (2004) Distribution of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis sp. in European freshwater bodies: detection of microcystins and microcystin genes in individual colonies. Syst Appl Microbiol 27: 592-602

Welker M, Khan S, Haque MM, Islam S, Khan NH, Chorus I, Fastner J (2005) Microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) in surface waters of rural Bangladesh : Pilot study. Jour. Water and Heath 325-337